https://jeremyspm.github.io/hs2-podcast/ en-nz Her exam is built on the ten starred cases in Case Study Booklet A, and its closed questions are those same case questions converted. This episode works through every written question in every one of them, in booklet order. The final: Wed 4 Nov, on campus · 32 questions · 90 marks · 2 h 10 min · 37% written. HS2 SAQ Podcast serial false Yes 1 full Her exam is built on the ten starred cases in Case Study Booklet A, and its closed questions are those same case questions converted. This episode works through every written question in every one of them, in booklet order. hs2-podcast-final-01-c535066fb7 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:01:00 GMT 0:02:44 2 full What are the major functions of the lymphatic system, which the lymph is a part of? What is the role of the axillary lymph nodes in the spread of cancer? Explain. Why did Mary develop swelling in the right arm after mastectomy? You will need to think about fluid dynamics, and what causes fluid to move into or still in the interstitial spaces (tissue space). The role of the axillary lymph nodes in the spread of cancer is ____. The Spread of cancer is known as [a], so if cancerous cells detach themselves from their origin (for tumor for example), and get into the lymphatic system they could potentially get to any part of the body. Checking the armpit lymph nodes, since the breast drains to them, can give an indication of whether cancer has spread. If they have no cancer cells, it shows that the cancer is ____. The swelling in Mary's right arm after mastectomy is a sign that ____. hs2-podcast-final-02-24cad82845 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:02:00 GMT 0:03:19 3 full What term is used to describe difficulty breathing? What is happening in Ane’s lungs to make breathing difficult? How is Ane’s ventilation and airway resistance impacted? How does an inhaler help when Ane is having an asthma attack? The term used to describe difficulty breathing is ____. The best answer would be: Ane’s breathing is made difficult because asthma makes the bronchi and bronchiole become obstructed by ____. An inhaler helps during an asthma attack because it makes the airways ____. One mechanism that the body uses to keep dust and small particles out of the lungs and formed by the pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining of the airways is the ____. hs2-podcast-final-03-7e714b5c10 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:03:00 GMT 0:02:48 4 full How does the body usually keep dust and small particles out of the lungs? There are several mechanisms for this! The muco-cillary escalator is one of the mechanism. How does the muco-cillary escalator work? Smoking damages this escalator – how would this impact a smoker? Ane’s blood pressure was high due to their fight or flight response. What process helps to return their blood pressure back to normal after their asthma attack? (Think the full process!) hs2-podcast-final-04-0b9cbf1767 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:04:00 GMT 0:03:24 5 full Her four lung micrographs, A to D (Case Study Workbook, case 3, “Images of different parts of the lungs”): name the part of the airway each one shows, and give its lining and whether cartilage and smooth muscle are present. hs2-podcast-final-05-69a3a0ab74 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:05:00 GMT 0:02:17 6 full Breathing, or the process of pulmonary ventilation is how you move air in and out of your lungs and requires a specific series of steps. Bullet point the steps involved in Manaia’s inhalation. Bullet point the steps involved in Manaia’s exhalation. Manaia feels tired after a panic attack because forced breathing requires more muscular effort. Which muscles are used in forced breathing? Be specific! What are some of the factors that influence your pulmonary ventilation (make it easier or harder) and how do they do this? hs2-podcast-final-06-0216a43ad1 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:06:00 GMT 0:03:58 7 full What is normal blood pH? Draw the chemical equation (in words or chemical formula) for the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood How do changes in the respiratory rate and depth (like Manaia’s panic attack) affect the blood pH? How does the respiratory system respond when something causes the blood pH to change? (This is back to BN1 when you talked about ketoacidosis!) hs2-podcast-final-07-45ad48d701 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:07:00 GMT 0:03:43 8 full Complete the table for metabolic acid/base imbalance: How has blood pH changed? How has H+ levels in the blood changed? How does the bicarbonate buffer system respond? What ultimately happens to CO2 levels in the blood? How does breathing rate change as a result? Complete the table for respiratory acid/base imbalance: How has ventilation changed? (Hyper/hypo) How has that changed CO2 levels in the blood? How does the bicarbonate buffer system respond? What ultimately happens to H+ levels in the blood? How does blood pH change as a result? Compare the tables you completed above – what do you notice? hs2-podcast-final-08-bf92a37979 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:08:00 GMT 0:03:26 9 full Where in the body, SPECIFICALLY, is insulin made? What hormone (or hormones!) acts in opposition to insulin, and where is it/they made? Explain what insulin does at a cellular level (you’ll need to think about how it travels in the body, what it binds to, and what happens). Insulin’s role in the liver is: Insulin’s role in the muscles is: Insulin’s role in the fat tissue is: *Insulin's role in the liver is to stimulate it to stimulate ____. *Insulin's role in the muscle cells is to stimulate them to ____. *Insulin's role in the fat tissue is to stimulate ____. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are stimulated by the hormone (s) ____. Glycogenesis is stimulated by the hormone ____. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by the hormone ____. hs2-podcast-final-09-513afedf5f Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:09:00 GMT 0:04:05 10 full What other molecules also influence blood glucose levels? Insulin is designed to only be high after a meal, so in normal function it shows a pattern like the accompanying diagram. Can you describe the normal BGL over the day? What about insulin? In normal blood sugar regulation, does BGL go above the normal range? What happens overnight? What could that mean for the morning? When the body cells are resistant to the insulin signal, the pancreas tries to compensate by making MORE insulin, to make the signal meaningful again. Due to all this pancreas hyperactivity, damage and loss of function can occur, which means the pancreas now struggles to make enough insulin. What would happen in the body now? How might we need to intervene? hs2-podcast-final-10-2465552de5 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:10:00 GMT 0:02:55 11 full Arthritis is a condition that affects the joints of the body. What are the structures of the joint? Use the diagram and name the lettered structures, with the function of each. The knee and hip are both synovial joints. What are the benefits to the body of a synovial joint? What kind of synovial joint are the hip and knee? The shoulder and the elbow? What is bursitis? 1. The part labeled B in the diagram is known as ____ and is responsible for ____ the joint. 2. The part labeled G in the diagram is known as ____ and is NOT responsible for ____ the joint. 3. The labeled part that is affected primarily by arthritis is labelled ____. Osteoarthritis occurs most often in ____. Compare and contrast bursitis and arthritis. (her answer is not posted yet) hs2-podcast-final-11-1c1b226472 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:11:00 GMT 0:04:24 12 full What occurs in rheumatoid arthritis? What is the other type of arthritis called? What is the difference between the above and rheumatoid arthritis? Where is cortisol produced and secreted from the body? What are the functions of cortisol and how is this related to the stress response? How is cortisol going to aid in Shannon’s rheumatoid arthritis? What might you say to Shannon about her concerns? hs2-podcast-final-12-c9e99f03a4 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:12:00 GMT 0:04:13 13 full What is a neurotransmitter? Where is the neurotransmitter Dopamine normally made in the central nervous system? Explain the role of Calcium ions (Ca2+) in synaptic transmission. Explain the process of synaptic transmission that allows neurotransmitters to be released. Use the diagram to help you in your explanation. When neurotransmitters bind to a receptor, what happens? After the neurotransmitter has been released, what happens to that chemical signal? hs2-podcast-final-13-25bfc14bf7 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:13:00 GMT 0:03:22 14 full Label her synapse figure, A to G, and name the two transport processes it shows. 1. B is pointing towards a vesicle containing ____. 2. E shows ____. 3. The transport process moving neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is ____ and over the synaptic cleft is ____. Levodopa, which travels through the blood and into the brain is used as medication. Why not Dopamine itself? hs2-podcast-final-14-c1e535dbae Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:14:00 GMT 0:02:51 15 full Review the functional regions of the cerebrum using this image: name the functional area at each letter, A to G. For each region, brainstorm the possible changes to function or behaviour that would result from damage to that region. 1. Judgment, reasoning, and impulse control can be improved by developing the area ____ which is known as the ____. 2. Injury to this area ____ affects one's ability to produce speech that others can understand. It is known as ____. 3. Injury to this area ____ affects one's ability to make sense of sounds in your environment. It is known as the ____. 4. Injury to this area ____ affects one's ability to control voluntary movements. It is known as the ____. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 A person who did not take any alcohol or drugs behaved like a drunk person after a motor accident. He was immediately tested for blood alcohol but the test came back negative. The brain part that could have been damaged is the cerebellum. A person breathes strangely after trauma to his head. The breathing is characterised by: • Prolonged, gasping inspirations • A pause at full inspiration • Inadequate or brief expiration The doctor in the ER suspects injury to the Pons because that is where the apneustic centre controlling the length of inspiration is situated. A person breathes strangely after falling down the stairs and resulting in trauma to his head. The breathing is characterised by: • Very slow breathing (bradypnea) • Shallow, ineffective breaths • Poor response to high CO₂ or low O₂ levels. The neurologist in the ER suspects partial injury to the Medulla Oblongata because it contains the pacemaker of the respiratory system. A person behaves strangely after a high speed motorbike accident. • Her left-and right- hand act independently • She has difficulty coordinating tasks where her hands must work together (e.g., tying shoelaces), • Her one hand behaves “unexpectedly” or in conflict with the other (alien hand phenomenon). The ER staff suspects injury to the corpus callosum. Where in this image is the Cerebellum situated? Guided answer -use labelled parts where possible: The cerebellum is situated directly posterior of the ____, directly inferior of the ____, directly superior of the ____. Where in this image is the Pons situated? Guided answer -use labelled parts where possible: The Pons is situated on the ____ side of the brain stem, directly inferior of the ____ where the ____ is labelled, directly superior of the unlabelled ____ and directly anterior of the ____. Where in this image is the Medulla oblongata situated? Guided answer -use labelled parts where possible: The Medulla oblongata is situated directly anterior of the ____, directly inferior of the unlabelled ____. Where in this image is the corpus callosum located? Guided answer -use labelled parts where possible: The Corpus callosum is situated directly superior of the ____ anteriorly and, directly superior of the labelled ____ posteriorly. It is inferior of the unlabelled ____. hs2-podcast-final-15-7cd26f2eb8 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:15:00 GMT 0:05:39 16 full What is an ovulation predictor kit? What does it show? What occurs during ovulation? What days of a female’s cycle are they fertile? Use the accompanying image to answer. Can you explain why the hormone levels change over the course of the menstrual cycle? How would pregnancy change the hormone levels graph? hs2-podcast-final-16-f35479eb2c Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:16:00 GMT 0:03:01 17 full Hormonal methods of contraception tend to impact a female’s fertility by using progesterone. Describe how we use the normal functions of the hormone progesterone to prevent pregnancy? Contraception can be hormonal or non-hormonal. Summarise the differences in a tabular form. (Method · How does this prevent pregnancy? · Does this prevent STI?) Male and female fertility are different: what are some of the key factors in male and female fertility? (her answer is not posted yet) What are the functions of the sex hormones in the human body? (her answer is not posted yet) Injections of FSH usually form part of IVF. What is IVF, when would it be appropriate, and what is the purpose of the FSH injections? (her answer is not posted yet) hs2-podcast-final-17-6a1d41bae5 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:17:00 GMT 0:05:28 18 full What is red-green colour blindness? (Distinguish between cones and rods, specifically where they are found in the eye; distinguish their functions using photopic, scotopic, colour, central and peripheral vision; define RG colour blindness in terms of the “inability to observe certain light frequencies”.) hs2-podcast-final-18-f02b31ba68 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:18:00 GMT 0:02:25 19 full Draw a pedigree chart to show Simon, his mum, his dad, his maternal grandmother (not colour-blind), maternal grandfather (colour-blind), maternal aunt (colour-blind) and maternal uncle (not colour-blind). Can you track how Simon inherited the disease when neither of his parents are colour blind? Given the above and your own research, how is red-green colour blindness inherited? Will Simon pass on red-green colour blindness to his children? How? What would Simon's mum's genotype have been and why do you say so? Will Simon pass on red-green colour-blindness to his children? How? hs2-podcast-final-19-17e8f5fcf6 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:19:00 GMT 0:03:24 20 full What are the modes of inheritance of Huntington’s disease and Cystic Fibrosis? Explain the modes of inheritance for both diseases (chromosome type, pattern of inheritance, what this means). For the pedigree chart of the Harris whānau, state the genotype and phenotype of every person. (her answer is not posted yet) There are two sisters who are the youngest members of this whānau. What is the chance they could pass this condition on to their children? What circumstances would have to occur? (her answer is not posted yet) For the pedigree chart of the Anderson whānau, state the genotype and phenotype of every person. (her answer is not posted yet) There are 6 cousins in the youngest generation of this whānau. What is the chance that they could pass this condition on to their children? (her answer is not posted yet) hs2-podcast-final-20-b12695ed70 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:20:00 GMT 0:04:43 21 full Her exam is built on the ten starred cases in Case Study Booklet A, and its closed questions are those same case questions converted. This episode works through every written question in every one of them, in booklet order. hs2-podcast-final-21-26b086a973 Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:21:00 GMT 0:12:54