Unpacking the skeleton…
3D anatomy trainer
Every bone and muscle that is an answer somewhere in the HS2 Module 2 quiz bank (471 questions, read by hand). It is about 30 bones, 10 landmarks on the femur and hip bone, and 30 muscles — not 200. Clues marked her quiz are paraphrased from her own questions. "Everything" adds the structures a first-year course usually expects on top.
The ring on each deck is how many of her list you have learned: answered right first time, twice in a row. A miss takes it back off the count. Rounds deal what you have not learned yet first. Every deck is open from the start — nothing is gated. Nothing is due, nothing expires, nothing leaves this browser.
Glands shows the endocrine glands inside a ghost skeleton — her label-the-glands figure in 3D; with "Mix" on, a hormone or an action is the clue and the gland is the answer. Brain: the cortex is one colour on purpose (tinting the lobes would give them away). Questions about the inside are asked on the brain cut in half, seen from the left. Lobe membership is the 3D source's own classification; a boundary furrow (central sulcus, lateral fissure) counts for both lobes it separates. Wernicke's area is ringed on the back of the superior temporal gyrus.
No 3D scan models a cell — every textbook neuron is a drawing, hers included — so this one is built from shapes and is a schematic, not to scale. Its parts are the ones her ten-point match asks: soma, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, Schwann cell, node of Ranvier, axon terminals, pre- and postsynaptic membrane. One terminal is repeated enlarged beside it to show the synapse. Nothing is lettered, because her figure letters its parts its own way. Trace it here follows a nerve impulse from dendrite to the next cell. Beside it stand the six neuroglia of her matching question, each drawn by the one thing that tells it apart: the astrocyte's end-feet on a capillary, the oligodendrocyte wrapping several axons, thorny microglia, ciliated ependymal cells on a CSF space (CNS, on top); satellite cells round a ganglion cell body and Schwann cells, one segment each (PNS, below).
Some of her questions are about what is inside something, where no whole model can show it. Those are built as flat section figures, each declared a schematic: a long bone cut open and the adrenal cortex and medulla (Tissues, Glands), the trachea in cross-section with a bronchiole and an alveolus (Airway), one turn of the cochlea and the cell layers of the retina (Eye & Ear). In Bones, the real skull can have its cap lifted off to show the foramen magnum, or turn to glass to show the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses — and the Joints set asks her question, "Name this type of joint".
Her three body levers, on the real skeleton, with only the muscle that is the effort left on: nodding the head (atlanto-occipital joint), standing on tiptoe, flexing the elbow. You tap the fulcrum, the load or the effort — or say which class the whole lever is. Seen from the side, what sits in the middle is visible, and that is the whole question: Fulcrum = 1st, Load = 2nd, Effort = 3rd (her "FLE"). The wording of every clue is hers.
The real heart with its great vessels, valves, papillary muscles and coronary arteries. All four chambers are one colour on purpose (red-left, blue-right would hand you the answer); the pulmonary artery is blue and the pulmonary veins red, by what they carry. When a question is about something inside — a valve, the papillary muscles — the chambers turn to glass. For the walls BETWEEN chambers the heart is cut open instead: a real frontal section (the chambers are hollow in this model), the same view as her numbered heart figure, with the interventricular and interatrial septum asked on it. In Explore, "Cut it open" gives you that section to look around in. The conduction system is a schematic: the 3D source has none, so SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres are built and placed by measurement on this heart. Trace it: blood through the heart in her thirteen steps, and the impulse from the pacemaker to the ventricles.
Two bodies share one pelvis, so only one is on stage at a time. The male organs are the 3D body's own. The female organs are not (that body is male): they are the HuBMAP CCF 3D reference organs — ovaries, uterus and both fallopian tubes from the Visible Human female, CC BY 4.0, files unmodified — moved as ONE set into this pelvis, so their positions relative to each other are real and their position in the pelvis is approximate. Not in either source: vagina, uterine ligaments, the three layers of the uterine wall, bulbo-urethral glands. Parts and clues are from her Module 3 revision slides. Trace it: the egg's path, and the sperm's.
Both are built schematics, not to scale, because the 3D source lacks half of her list (no choroid, ciliary body, pupil, macula, optic disc; no ear canal, oval window, semicircular canals). The eye is cut in half the way her figures draw it: the top half is off, so the cut face is the textbook section (cornea on the right, optic nerve leaving at the back) with the three tunics in order, and you can look down into the bowl at the retina, macula and optic disc. The two humors are fluid — a tap passes through them unless a humor is what was asked. The ear runs left to right, outside to inside, which is her sound pathway; the vestibule is glass so the utricle and saccule show. Parts and clues are from her Module 3 revision slides. Trace it: light to the retina, and sound to the cochlea.
Pharynx, palate, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, the whole bronchial tree, the five lobes and the diaphragm, inside a ghost skeleton. When a bronchus is asked the lobes turn to glass. The 3D source has no nasal cavity, nostril, bronchioles or alveoli, so those labels of her figure cannot be asked here. The carina is a measured point on the trachea.
Some of her label questions are about things no whole organ can show: the three tunics of an artery and a vein, the layers of the heart wall and of the uterus wall, the waves of an ECG, the lung volumes on a spirometer trace. Each is built as a schematic and lives in the deck it belongs to (Tissues, Reproductive, Heart, Airway) as its own set. Where she has a picture of the same thing, a Her figure ↗ button opens HER diagram next to ours — in Explore, and on the answer once a question is done (never while it is still open: her pictures are labelled). It says where her figure is from and how it is drawn differently, and links into the Paper Sim where her questions on it live. Each follows the layout of her own drawing of it (the uterus wall side-on with the outside on the left, the ovary with its stages in order round the edge, the tubule cut across with the lumen in the middle), so what you drill is what she shows. Layers are pulled apart or stepped so every one can be tapped; on the lung-volume chart the four volumes are one column of bars and each capacity is a bar spanning the volumes it adds up.
Three of her labelled figures, built as schematics (no scan models tissue at this scale; every textbook draws these): a synovial joint with the capsule opened at the front, compact bone with three osteons standing out of the block, and skeletal muscle pulled apart level by level — muscle, fascicle, fibre, myofibrils. The parts are the blanks of her own figures. Not to scale, nothing lettered.
The ring of arteries on the ventral (under) side of the brain, shown under a ghost brain and seen from below, frontal lobes at the top. "Her list" is the vessels her question names: anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral and basilar, fed by the carotids from the front and the vertebrals from the back. The middle cerebral artery is in "Everything": the biggest branch, but not part of the ring.
The 3D source models the dural sinuses but not the three layers, so dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid space and pia are built here: shells measured off this brain's own surface, peeled back in steps so each one shows, with the thickness exaggerated (the real stack is about 4 mm). The arachnoid villi are placed under the real superior sagittal sinus. Right order, right relationships — not a scan.
Either side counts. The body faces you, so its left is on your right — exactly like her figures.
3D models: Z-Anatomy (derived from BodyParts3D), licence CC BY-SA 4.0 — recoloured and regrouped here. The female organs (ovaries, and in the Reproductive deck the uterus and fallopian tubes) are not Z-Anatomy (its body is male): they are the HuBMAP CCF 3D reference ovaries (Visible Human female, CC BY 4.0), unmodified, placed by hand on the lateral pelvic wall — right organ, approximate position. Rendering: three.js. A study aid, not a clinical reference.